Category: SDLC

SDLC software development Life Cycle. There are various types of SDLC methodologies.

What is GAP Analysis and why it is important?

What is GAP Analysis?

What is GAP Analysis

What is the GAP Analysis and why it is important? GAP means the difference between Current state and future state.

Who performed GAP Analysis?

This is a process performed by Business Analysts and Project Managers. The difference between the current process and future process is known as GAP. This help us to understand where we are (Current State)  and where do we want to be (Future State)?

This helps us to measure investment of time, money and human resources required to achieve a particular outcome or desired outcome.

There is no formal method to conduct (GAP) Analysis. It depends on organization to organization and process to process. A simple excel sheet can be used to for this purpose. The main objective of the (GAP)analysis is to provide difference between current state and future state or desired state.

Key Points :

  • Good understanding of the current process.
  • All the business affecting factors must be well defined.
  • GAPanalysis is an assessment tool used to find the deviation or gap between what exists versus what is needed or desired.
  • No ambiguity in the requirements and future prospects.
  • Document the gaps using graphs, charges and images.
  • Ensure to include the feedback from the stakeholders.
  • Ensure to inform to all the involved parties or stakeholders about the identified gaps.

Different stages in GAP Stages

  • Review System
  • Develop Requirements
  • Comparison
  • Implications
  • Recommendations

This is one of the best procedures followed by any organization to improve the process and recognize the processes which needs improvement.

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Who is insurance Business Analyst and what he does?

Let us discuss and observe what Business Analyst does if Business Analyst works in Insurance domain. As we discussed earlier Business Analyst works in multiple domains, For Example: Banking, Insurance, Telecom, Real estate, Healthcare etc. A Insurance Business Analyst is a business analyst who works in the Insurance domain.

Insurance Business Analyst

BusinessAnalyst on insurance domain also performs the standard business analyst tasks such as Requirements Gathering, Requirements Elicitation, Prepare Documentation, verification, validation and coordinate and support during the UAT in Insurance domain perspective.

Business Analyst have knowledge on Insurance process like, how it works, what are the functionalities and what are the modules in Insurance.

Basically, Insurance Business should have knowledge and experience on below.

  • New Business Process
  • Policy Serving process
  • Claim process and settlement life cycle.

So, Business Analyst should have experience and knowledge on specialized modules, it helps them to understand the client requirements and provide suitable solutions or suggestions.

As they have good knowledge and experience in Insurance, will also work as a SME(Subject Matter Expert)in the business unit.

They also need to understand the business processes to identify the business need and provide suitable solutions which would fulfil those needs.

Some of the responsibilities of  BusinessAnalyst in insurance  domain:

  1. Prepare Documentation. Ex: BRD, FSD,FRD
  2. Use Cases
  3. Post implementation system support
  4. Production support (Functional)
  5. Understand the existing system or current system functionalities.
  6. Provide recommendations or suitable solutions to improve the application functionality
  7. Support project management activities
  8. Coordination with stake holders
  9. Ensure implemented changes should not impact on existing application functionality.
  10. Discuss and coordinate with the end users to understand the application functionality and to identify the gaps.

How to become BusinessAnalyst in Insurance  .domain:

Most of the  Business Analysts actually start career in insurance company as insurance employees and then convert on the subject matter expert role in a project as they have good knowledge and experience in Insurance process.

After the project is completed, they are converted into the Business Analysis role based on their knowledge of the business domain and their project and solution experience.

Some of the Example Domains and sub domains:  Travel insurance, software testing, health insurance, manage customer, customer service, insurance covers, types of insurance, life insurance, insurance protects, general insurance, insurance business,  social media, accidental death,  crm interview questions and  medical expenses.

Business Analyst in Banking or Who is Banking Business Analyst?

Let us discuss and observe what Business Analyst does if Business Analyst works in Banking domain. As we discussed earlier Business Analyst works in multiple domains, For Example: Banking, Insurance, Telecom, Real estate, Healthcare etc. A banking business analyst is a business analyst who works in the banking domain.

Banking Business Analyst

BusinessAnalyst in Banking domain also performs the standard business analyst tasks such as Requirements Gathering, Requirements Elicitation, Prepare Documentation, verification, validation and coordinate and support during the UAT in banking domain perspective.

BusinessAnalyst have knowledge on banking domain like, how banks works, what are the functionalities and what are the modules in Banking.

As Banking is a Big domain, here so many sub modules also there in Banking. Modules or banking specialization domains as below.

  1. Retail Banking

  • Customer On Boarding
  • Account Opening
  • AML and KYC
  • Loans
  • Treasury

  1. Corporate Banking

  • Customer On Boarding
  • Account Opening
  • AML and KYC
  • Loans

  1. Payments

  • NEFT
  • RTGS
  • UPI Payments
  • Swift

  1. Digital Banking

Example:

  • Online Account Opening
  • BPM Solutions.

  1. Investment Banking

  2. Core Banking , Banking applications
  • Finacle
  • T24
  • Profile

So, BusinessAnalyst should have experience and knowledge on specialized modules, it helps them to understand the client requirements and provide suitable solutions or suggestions.

As they have good knowledge and experience in banking, will also work as a SME(Subject Matter Expert)in the business unit.

They also need to understand the business processes to identify the business need and provide suitable solutions which would fulfill those needs.

Some of the responsibilities of BusinessAnalyst in Banking Domain:

  1. Prepare Documentation. Ex: BRD, FSD,FRD
  2. Use Cases
  3. Post implementation system support
  4. Production support (Functional)
  5. Understand the existing system or current system functionalities.
  6. Provide recommendations or suitable solutions to improve the application functionality
  7. Support project management activities
  8. Coordination with stake holders
  9. Ensure implemented changes should not impact on existing application functionality.
  10. Discuss and coordinate with the end users to understand the application functionality.

To gain knowledge on Banking.

What is Use Case Diagram with Example

How to draw Use Case diagram

Business Analysis – Use Case Diagram

UseCase Diagram

UseCase diagrams plays very important role, these diagrams help to understand the relationship between user to user and user to system. Like what is the relationship with the user and what are the actions done by the User and how user wants to interact with the system.

The focus of this diagram will be on “how external interfaces” (End users, Support systems, Database and internet connectivity to third party) will be interacting with the Proposed IT System.

Use Case Diagram contains below:

  1. Use Case will be as below:

Use Case

        2. Actor:

Use Case Actor

        3. Use Case System Boundary.

Use Case System Boundary

        4. Lines to match the Activity with the user:

Relationships between Actors and Use-Cases

Use-cases could be organized using following relationships −

  • Generalization
  • Association
  • Extend
  • Include

Where and Why Use Case Diagrams can be used:

  1. Describe the functionality of a System
  2. Describe the user Actions
  3. Use case diagrams represents only positive flow.
  4. Should not use for alternate flow, like if any error happens what to be done.
  5. To describe how user interacts with the system.
  6. To describe how external interfaces, interact with the proposed system.
  7. Actor and use case play important role.
  8. Lines represent the relationship between Actor and Use Case (Oval Shape).

Information which we should not use in use case diagrams.

  1. Technology Names (Java, .Net Mainframes)
  2. Brand Names ( Lenovo, Sony etc..)
  3. Data Base Names (SQL, MySQL, Oracle etc..)
  4. Networks (LAN, WAN etc.,)
  5. Architectures (2 Tier, 3 Tier etc..)
  6. Name of the systems (Laptop/ Desktop)

Actor :

  1. Actor stay away from the system boundary.
  2. Primary actor initiates the system to work.
  3. System depends on secondary actor for information.
  4. Reusable actors will be placed right side of the system boundary.

How to draw Use Case diagram

  1. Write all sequence of Actions.
  2. Differentiate information against Actions.
  3. Try to find out which actor is performing which action.
  4. Try to find out some modules with respect to functionality or usage.
  5. Try to draw the relationships between the identified Actors and use Cases

Once completes the Use case diagram then we will prepare use Case Specification Document. This is also called as Use Case description Document. This document helps to provide the clear picture of the Use Case Diagram.

UseCase Specification document contains below.

  1. Name of the Use Case
  2. Description of the Use Case
  3. Actors
  4. Primary
  5. Secondary
  6. Basic flow
  7. Pre-Conditions
  8. Post conditions
  9. Assumptions
  10. Dependencies
  11. Constraints
  12. Input and output
  13. Miscellaneous information.
  14. Alternate Flow.

We can’t tell which use case diagram is correct and which use case diagram is wrong. It depends on the project and stakeholders.

How to Derive Test cases.

  1. UseCase Diagram
  2. UseCase Description Document
  3. UseCase specification document will have, Basic flow, Alternate flow and description of the use cases.
  4. We can identify the scenarios from these flows.
  5. Try to identify 3 to 5 valid test data from each scenario.
  6. Then try to write the test cases from the gathered test data and scenarios.

To Know more about UML Diagrams.

What is JAD Session?

Business Analyst – JAD Session

JAD Session

J

JAD sessions is also one of the important elicitation technique used by the Business Analyst to gather and understand the requirements.

Let us see what is JAD session, Joint Application Development (JAD) is a process used to collect business requirements while developing new Software systems for a organization. The goal of a JAD session is to gather in subject matter experts/Business analyst or IT specialist to bring out solutions.

A Business analyst is the one who interacts with the entire group or different teams and gathers the information/ Requirements, analyses it and brings out a document. He plays a very important role in JAD session.

Why JAD Sessions required?

Meeting and collaborating with Business and Technical team, JAD sessions are very common in Business Analysis Role.  Particularly when we are working in Agile Methodology.

For example, Technical team need some more clarity on Business Requirements then JAD sessions are required, in the same way if Business team needs more clarity on technology then JAD sessions are required.

Advantages :

  • It helps to clarify the doubts: As all the required staked holders joins the session, all doubts will be clarified in this session. Based on the requirement, Business Analyst may conduct multiple sessions with all the required stake holders.
  • Understand the requirements clearly: helps to understand the requirements clearly without any ambiguity.
  • Provide solution with less time. As all the stakeholders joins in this session, will get the solutions for the problems (requirements related issues or problems) in the same session.
  • Client satisfaction: As client is involved throughout the development process he knows what is happening and how project is going on. And as he gets the updates on project client also happy.
  • Development team also happy as all the teams joined in meeting their doubts or issues get clarified by the SME’s or client without delay.
  • It helps to faster delivery.
  • JAD Session enables customers and developers to quickly come to an agreement on the basic scope.
  • If any requirement is not feasible or any challenges to deliver the requirement, then they think for alternative approach. As the entire stake holders are part of this meeting, they can take a decisions accordingly.

Prerequisites:

  • Business Analyst should have clear agenda before scheduling the JAD Session.
  • Ensure to join all the required stakeholders (SME/ Dev.Team, internal and external stakeholders)
  • Ensure to discussion is going on in right track.
  • Ensure to conduct the meeting on stakeholders convenient time. As all the required teams to be joined in this meeting, it is the responsibility of organizer to collect all the teams and convenient time ensure to join all the teams in meeting.

Who all are participate?

Executive Sponsor

They normally are from higher positions, who can take decisions and drive the project.

Subject Matter Expert

These are the business users and subject experts. The subject matter experts are the backbone of the JAD session. They help to understand the functionality and they are required to fill the functionality gaps.

Facilitator

He/ She organizes the meeting; he/she identifies issues that can be solved as part of the meeting. The facilitator does not contribute information to the meeting.

Using for an iterative approach

FAQ’s

What is the purpose of a JAD session?

JAD is used as a technique for developing business system requirements and is typically used in the early stages of a systems development project. The purpose of JAD is to bring together MIS and end users in a structured workshop setting; to extract consensus based system requirements.

How do you perform a JAD session?

Define the JAD Session Objectives. The first task for the facilitator, together with the project leader and other key individuals, is to define the session objectives. …
Prepare for the Session. The facilitator has primary responsibility for JAD preparation. …
Conduct the JAD Session. …
Produce the Documents.


What Is the Average Business Analyst Salary?

What Is the Average Business AnalystSalary?

Business Analyst Salary

Are you planning to switch your career from Non_IT to IT. And are you thinking, you can reach your financial goals by switching career as a   business analyst.  Let us observe what salary business analyst gets and what parameters help to grow the salary.

The most recent salary survey of practicing business analysts was conducted by the International Institute of Business Analysis (IIBA)

  1. More Business Analyst Experience

Usually people who are having more experience they will get more salary. Same applies for Business Analyst career also. Salary depends on your experience and organization. Salary averages vary between countries and based on organizations.

Across the globe, the average salary of business analyst increased with years of professional experience. Your salary will grow continuously as your years of experience also continuously increasing. 

We can say salary increases better than technical team as Business Analyst plays very important role in project and again it depends on organization  to organization.

If you have good experience then your education background is not a matter what your qualification is but Graduation or post graduation is preferable. Education qualification will not show any impact on Salary of Business Analyst  growth or hike.

Depends on  some organizations domain knowledge also plays important role.

We can check in detail about business analyst salaries in india here. 

  1. Certification for Business Analyst:

As we discussed above salary averages vary between organization to organization and country to country. Certifications help to increase the Business AnalystSalary. Certified Business Analyst has high demand in the industry. 

To know more about Business Analyst Certifications we can visit International Institute of Business Analysis IIBA.

Few certifications below:

Certifications are not mandatory to become Business Analyst. However certifications will help to boost your career to success as a Business Analyst.

What is Invest

Let us discuss what is INVEST in Agile 

What is Invest

The test for determining whether or not a story is well understood and ready for the team to start working on it is the INVEST acronym:

  • Independent — The story should be independent.
  • Negotiable — Can this story be changed or removed without impact to everything else?
  • Valuable — Does this story have value to the end user?
  • Estimable — Can you estimate the size of the story?
  • Small —Is it small enough?
  • Testable — User story should be testable.

FAQ’s

What is invest in Scrum?

Coined by Bill Wake in his book Extreme Programming Explored, INVEST is an acronym that defines a simple set of rules used in creating well-formed user stories. An effective way to ensure testability is to define user acceptance criteria for all user stories. …

What is invest in user story?

Bill Wake came up with the INVEST acronym to help us remember guidelines for writing effective user stories: Independent, Negotiable, Valuable, Estimatable, Small, and Testable.

What are 3 C's in user stories?

Whether you are a newbie or a seasoned veteran, the 3 C’s of User Stories help keep the purpose of the user story in perspective.
The first C is the user story in its raw form, the Card. …
The second C is the Conversation. …
The third C is the Confirmation.

What are the 3 pillars of Scrum?

The three pillars of Scrum that uphold every implementation of empirical process control are:
Transparency.
Inspection.
Adaptation.

Agile Business Analyst / Business Analyst Role in Agile Scrum

Agile Business Analyst

Agile Business Analyst . Once a project is kicked off, Business Analyst does the requirement Planning, then conducts various requirement gathering sessions and analyses the requirement.

Finally, the requirement is listed as “FEATURE LIST’. This Feature list is drafted by Business Analyst discussed with Product Owner. This feature list will have all enhancements and existing features.

Existing features will present if it is migration project.

From the Feature list, Business Analyst identifies the Epic and breaks them as Themes and then to User Stories.

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User stories will have below information.

Agile Business Analyst

Example :

BA Role in Agile

Acceptance Criteria: – This area will have mandatory information that are needed in this story.

Then Business Analyst brief the story to development team and regularly supports the team for development.

Business Analyst also does and involves in Integration Testing and Systems Testing to ensure the system performs as desired.

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FAQ’s

Does Agile need business analyst?

Agile teams, they need business analysts. … They need us to take a holistic view of the product backlog and find all those inner related requirements and inter-dependencies and make sure that the pieces of working software delivered are, again, going to deliver value in the context of that end-to-end business process.

Where does a business analyst fit in agile?

Within the Agile model, Business Analysts can serve as the “bridge” between developers and product stakeholders – translating business needs into user stories and prioritizing deliverables within the task list.

Can business analyst become Scrum Master?

No, You Cannot Be The Business Analyst and ScrumMaster.

The ScrumMaster focuses on the team and how to continuously improve. The Business Analyst focuses on product backlog, stakeholders, and customer needs. Despite these shared skills, it is difficult for one person to assume both roles successfully.Jul 8, 2016

Is there a BA in Scrum?

Business analysts play an important role: Traditionally, they act as the link between the business units and IT, help to discover the user needs and the solution to address them, and specify requirements. But in Scrum, there is no business analyst role.

How do I become an agile business analyst?

Here are the first five steps:
Step 1: Research Agile Methods.
Step 2: Change Your Mindset.
Step 3: Support the Product Owner.
Step 4: Think in User Stories.
Step 5: Focus on Business Value.

Does Business Analyst write user stories?

User stories are written throughout the agile project, however, the Business Analyst assigned to the project should produce user stories in the discovery phase. … In an agile project, new stories can be written and added to the product backlog at any time, and by anyone.

Can a BA be a product owner?

On some projects the agile business analyst may act as the product owner, but they are effectively operating on behalf of the business. So more often this happens on internal projects, as opposed to a business analyst from a vendor operating as the product owner on behalf of an external client.

Is there a BA role in agile?

Most agile approaches have a specific role to represent the ultimate business decision maker, such as the role titled product owner. … A business analyst supports a product owner by helping them analyze the business domain, stocking the product backlog, and grooming the product backlog.

what is a product owner in agile?

what is a product owner in agile?

Product owner plays important role in Scrum Team,

Below are Scrum Roles:

  1. Product Owner(PO): He will decide what needs to done in this sprint/project and he is the responsible for managing the product backlog. He will be the responsible person for product like how product should be and all. He interacts with Business Analysts and Customers. This role may be played by BA or any person who is having strong knowledge on product and who works with end users for a long time. Depends on the project client also may play this role.
  • Scrum Master   (SM) : He will monitor the performance of the team within the sprint. Team will raise all their concerns and issues to scrum master. He is responsible to provide solutions to the team. He will interact with the stake holders to address the issues and concerns raised by the team. This role can be played by any person in team usually Business Analyst will play this role.
  • Development Team( Cross functional team who are self organized)

what is a product owner in agile

What is a product owner in Agile?

Let us discuss and observe here about Product Owner.

Main responsibility of the Product Owner in Scrum is to build a successful product. Product owner is the single person to take all product related decisions.

To build successful products, product owner does the following.

  1. Define product vision and goal.
  2. Strategy to increase ROI based on scope, time and budget (Return On Investment).
  3. Creates roadmaps, strategy and release plans.
  4. Manage ROI, Priorities, Product backlog, prioritizing product backlog.
  5. Release planning and goal.
  6. Maintain release burn down.
  7. Engage Stakeholders and scrum teams.
  8. Define requirements and acceptance criteria.
  9. Participates in all scrum activities.
  10. Speaking to teams to provide clarity on work and business requirements.
  11. Write requirements in the form of user stories and groom them with the teams.
  12. Understand the business value and deliver value, communicate the requirements to team clearly.
  13. Accept, reject, and share feedback comments towards building successful product.
  14. Maintain transparency on release plan, scope and forecast.
  15. Product owner should be balanced personality who can give inputs on product, business, value and domain. A person with only understand technical expertise might not be an effective Product Owner.

I feel it will help to understand What is a product owner in agile and what product owner does in project.

Let us observe  more on what is a product owner in agile

and FAQ’s

For product Owner Certification

FAQ’S

What is the difference between a product owner and a product manager?

To break it down: The product manager discovers what users need, prioritizes what to build next, and rallies the team around a product roadmap. The product owner is responsible for maximizing the value of the product by creating and managing the product backlog.

Is product owner a job title?

Product Owner is a role you play in an Agile team, whereas a Product Manager is the job title of someone responsible for a product and its outcome on the customer and the business. Now a lot of Product Owners out there are great Product Managers, and they should just change their title.

How do you become a product owner?

Build Shared Understanding
Get help from someone on your team. This often results in the Product Manager, Product Owner, and Business Analyst model of product ownership.
Find a good book focused on analysis techniques applied with an agile mindset. …
Get some training on analysis techniques.

Who does a product owner report to?

The product owner reports to stakeholders. The scrum.org page about product owners describes how this person is the interface between the scrum team and the rest of the world. Scrum doesn’t mention managers, project leads, etc. – those are all subsumed under the term “stakeholder”.

Is Product Manager higher than product owner?

In bigger companies, the product manager stands a level higher than the product owner and serves as a connector between the house and the outside world. This is why it’s sometimes so hard to draw a line between the two positions or jobs.

Is Product Owner same as project manager?

All in all a Product Owner is a Project Manager who is responsible for the project success and project environment. But at the same time, he delegated daily management of the project team to a Scrum Master.

Who can be a product owner?

The Scrum product owner is typically a project’s key stakeholder. Part of the product owner responsibilities is to have a vision of what he or she wishes to build, and convey that vision to the scrum team. This is key to successfully starting any agile software development project.

What is a SCRUM Development Team?

Scrum Development Team

The scrum development team plays important role in Scrum Team,

Below are Scrum Roles:

  1. Product Owner(PO): 

    He will decide what needs to done in this sprint/project and he is the responsible for managing the product backlog. He will be the responsible person for product like how product should be and all. He interacts with Business Analysts and Customers. This role may be played by BA or any person who is having strong knowledge on product and who works with end users for a long time. Depends on the project client also may play this role.

  2. Scrum Master   (SM) :He will monitor the performance of the team within the sprint. Team will raise all their concerns and issues to scrum master. He is responsible to provide solutions to the team. He will interact with the stake holders to address the issues and concerns raised by the team. This role can be played by any person in team usually Business Analyst will play this role.
  3. Development Team( Cross functional team who are self organized)

Let us discuss and observe here about Scrum Development Team.

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And Development Team Responsibilities:

Develop team is a group of people. Development team work together to reach the goal or complete the agreed tasks within committed time. Target of the development team is to build or develop the product with high quality. To achieve this team coordinates and communicates with each other, i.e how to develop the product and what are the things to be taken care to release the successful product.

Self organize to do work and plan. When product owner tells”what” needs to be done, then development team discuss among them and decides “how” to achieve it.

Scrum development is cross functional. So that there is maximum effectiveness in reaching the goal and minimum dependencies on external. Usually Scrum development team will have 5 to 9 members depends on the project.

Scrum development team work collaboratively to design architecture, features incrementally and iteratively.

Scrum development team is cross functional, team has the required skills, required to develop the product within the team.

Scrum development team work collaboratively, share responsibility, and accountable for the successful delivery of the product which is assigned by product owner. Scrum development team completely responsible and accountable for the quality of the product.

Once dev. team finalized, team don’t change during sprint or afterwards. Any changes shall brink back them to forming stage and performance issues.

The dev. team has authority to manage their own work. This enables them to improve their efficiency and effectiveness.

Every team member has the same level of authority regardless of their contributions and they all share in the project’s accountability.

Even though the Product Owner is responsible for the product backlog, the dev. team refines the tasks in the product backlog as a team.

The dev. team has full control over the tasks in the product backlog and how many tasks they are assigned in a sprint.

They build in extra time for collaboration and knowledge sharing into the sprint. This helps support team bonding, knowledge sharing and gives them time to resolve any unexpected issues.

They regularly collaborate with the Product Owner and the Scrum Master to ensure that they are on the right track.

They continuously deliver features at the end of every sprint to ensure that there is a working product.

They review the product with the Scrum team and get feedback which they incorporate into the next sprint.

They ensure that the scrum board is updated to reflect what they are working on and what has been “done”.

Scrum Team = Product Owner + Scrum Master + Development Team (Project resources grouped as Scrum teams which comprises of BA, Developers, Testers)

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FAQS

Who is on the scrum team development team member?

These are as follows: It’s a cross-functional team, i.e., it includes UI/UX designers, programmers, architects, business analysts, testers, etc. A scrum development team size is typically between five to seven members. The best scrum teams are closely-knit and work together on a regular basis, preferably full-time.

Is development team member a role in Scrum?

So, that means the ‘developer‘ role in Scrum means a team member who has the right skills, as part of the team to do the work. The development team should be able to self-organize so they can make decisions to get work done. … The development team’s responsibilities include: Delivering the work through the sprint.

How many developers are there in a scrum team?

According to the Scrum Guide, the development team should be between three and nine people and should have all the skills necessary to deliver product increments. The number of developers is usually dictated by the needs of the product and usually is between two and five developers in a scrum team.

How do you create a scrum team?

Establish individual members expectations. …
Provide boundaries. …
Enable the team to self-organise. …
Provide channels for direct communication with the product owner. …
Don’t commit to work on the team’s behalf.

What is the best size for a scrum team?

The ideal size for a development is between 3 and 9 people, not including the ScrumMaster and product owner. Any smaller and the team couldn’t accomplish enough each sprint. Any larger and communication becomes complex and cumbersome.

What is difference between Scrum and agile?

Agile is a continuous iteration of development and testing in the software development process whereas Scrum is an Agile process to focus on delivering the business value in the shortest time. Agile methodology delivers the software on a regular basis for feedback while Scrum delivers the software after each sprint.

Why is it called Scrum?

The software development term scrum was first used in a 1986 paper titled “The New New Product Development Game”. The term is borrowed from rugby, where a scrum is a formation of players. The term scrum was chosen by the paper’s authors because it emphasizes teamwork.

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