Category: Difference between Agile and Waterfall

Let us observe what is the Difference between Agile and Waterfall Methodology.

Agile Interview Questions for Business Analyst

Agile Interview Questions for Business Analyst

Let us discuss on commonly asked Agile Interview Questions for Business Analyst.

Agile Interview Questions

  1. What do you know about agile?

An agile team is a group of people who work together to create something. Agile teams use short iterations to build software. Each iteration is called a sprint. A sprint is a set amount of time where the team works together to build a product. After each sprint, the team tests their product to make sure it meets the requirements. If it does not meet the requirements, then they go back to the drawing board and start over again.

  1. How would you describe an agile project?

A project is a series of tasks that are completed in order to achieve a goal. An agile project is a project that uses short iterations to complete tasks. These iterations are called sprints. Every sprint is a set amount time where the team works on a specific task. After each sprint, they test their product to make sure that it meets the requirements.

  1. What are some advantages of using agile methods?

Agile methods help teams focus on what matters most. When working on a project, agile methods allow them to get feedback from customers and stakeholders. Agile methods also help teams communicate effectively. Teams can easily share ideas and information with each other.

  1. What are some disadvantages of using agile methods?

Agile methods take longer than traditional methods. Because agile projects have shorter iterations, they may require more planning before starting a project.

  1. Why should companies adopt agile methods?

Companies should adopt agile methods because they are effective at building products. Agile methods are flexible and allow teams to adapt to changing situations. They also provide opportunities for collaboration between different parts of the company.

  1. What are some examples of agile methods?

Agility methods include Scrum, Extreme Programming (XP), and Crystal Clear.

  1. What are some differences between these three methods?

Scrum is a framework for managing a project. Scrum helps teams plan, track progress, and manage risks. Scrum requires a dedicated Scrum Master. XP is a methodology for developing software. XP focuses on writing clean code and testing early and often. Crystal Clear is a method for managing a project. Crystal Clear is similar to Scrum, but it focuses on the management side of things.

  1. What does agile mean?

Agile means being able to adapt to changing circumstances and responding quickly to change. Agile software development is based on the idea that requirements evolve throughout the project lifecycle and that projects should be built around self-organizing teams.

  1. How do you know if you’re using agile methods correctly?

You use agile methods correctly if they help you deliver value faster than traditional approaches. You can measure how well you’re doing by looking at the velocity of your team. If you’re not measuring something, then you don’t need to worry about whether you’re doing things right.

  1. What are some of the advantages of using agile methods?

Using agile methods helps you build quality software faster. It also gives you the flexibility to respond to changes in the market.

  1. What are some of its disadvantages?

The biggest disadvantage of using agile methods is that it takes time to get started. Also, it may take longer to complete projects because you have to work closely together.

  1. How would you describe the ideal candidate for a job in an agile environment?

An ideal candidate for a job working in an agile environment is someone who is flexible, open minded, and willing to learn.

  1. What are some of your favorite agile tools?

My favorite agile tool is JIRA Software. I love that it lets me organize my tasks and track them easily.

  1. What are some of yours?

I use Trello for organizing my tasks

These are the commonly asked Agile Interview Questions, to know more about Agile, you can go through below links.

  1. What are 12 Agile principles ?
  2. What is agile manifesto ?
  3. What is Agile User Story Acceptance Criteria ?
  4. What is Sprint in Agile?

What are 12 Agile principles ?

What are 12 agile principles ? 

It is good to know about what are the 12 Agile Principles before learning Agile in detail.

What are 12 Agile principles.
What are 12 Agile principles ?.

1. Agile Principles

Agility is a set of values and practices that help teams work effectively together. These principles are designed to ensure that we have the right people, processes, tools, and culture to deliver value to our customers. We believe that these principles should guide how we operate at all levels of the company.

Agility is the ability to adapt to change and respond effectively to unexpected situations. Agility is the ability to act quickly and efficiently in order to achieve goals. There are many different ways to define agility, however, they all have similar characteristics.

2. Continuous Improvement

We strive to continuously improve everything we do. We constantly seek out ways to make ourselves better and the products and services we provide even better. We embrace change and welcome feedback. We don’t wait until problems arise before we try to fix them. We’re always looking for ways to innovate and find new solutions.

3. Customer Focus

We focus on delivering great customer experiences. We listen to our customers and learn from their feedback. We put their needs first and act accordingly. We’re committed to building long-term relationships with our customers.

4. Openness & Transparency

We share information openly and honestly with each other and our stakeholders. We’re open about what we’re doing, who we’re working with, and where we’re going. We’re honest with our stakeholders and hold ourselves accountable for our actions.

5. Respect for People

We treat everyone with respect and dignity. We recognize that people’s differences enrich us rather than divide us. We celebrate people’s individuality and uniqueness. We encourage others to follow their passions and live their lives to the fullest.

6. Communication

We communicate clearly and often. We know when to talk and when to listen. We take the time to understand each other’s perspectives and point of view. We use plain language and avoid jargon whenever possible. We keep things simple and get straight to the point.

7. Self-Awareness

We’re self-aware and aware of our own strengths and weaknesses. We’re humble enough to admit when we need improvement and brave enough to ask for help when we need it. We’re transparent about what we’re doing and why. We’re not afraid to fail or make mistakes.

The following agile principles are listed below.

a. Continuous Integration

Continuous integration is a software development practice where each check-in (commit) triggers automated testing and deployment. This ensures that code changes are tested before being deployed.

b. Test Driven Development

Test driven development (TDD) is a software development methodology that involves writing tests first, then coding the application logic. TDD helps developers write high quality code by forcing them to think about how their code will behave before actually writing any code.

c. Refactoring

Refactoring is the process of changing a program’s internal structure without modifying its external behavior. Developers use refactoring to improve the design and maintainability of their programs.

d. Pair Programming

Pair programming is a software development technique in which two programmers work together to develop software. One programmer writes code while the other monitors the code and provides feedback.

e. Continuous Deployment

Continuous deployment is a software development practice in which deployments occur frequently and automatically. In continuous deployment, there is no need to manually deploy applications. Instead, the build server builds the application and immediately deploys it to production.

You Can go through below to learn more about Agile.

  1. What is Agile Methodology ?
  2. What is Scrum ?
  3. What are the differences between Waterfall and Agile
  4. Difference between Waterfall and Agile Methodologies

What is agile manifesto ?

What is agile manifesto ?

Agile Manifesto

The Agile Manifesto was created by a group of software developers who were frustrated with how long their projects took to develop. They wanted to create something that would allow them to deliver working code faster than they had been able to before. The result of their efforts was the Agile Manifesto, a set of principles that describe how to work effectively as a team.

What is Agile Manifesto ?
What is Agile Manifesto ?

The Agile Manifesto

The Agile Manifest is divided into three sections. The first section describes what makes an effective team. The second section outlines the practices that should be followed to achieve these goals. Finally, the third section describes the values that should guide the behavior of the team members.

What Makes A Good Team?

A good team is self-organizing. Each member contributes according to his or her skills and interests. There is no single person who knows everything about the project. Instead, each person learns from others and helps teach others.

A good team works together to produce the best possible product. Everyone on the team shares responsibility for understanding the system under development and communicating that knowledge to the rest of the team. No one person owns the design; instead, everyone collaborates to find solutions that meet the requirements.

A good team takes pride in its accomplishments and looks forward to future challenges. When someone completes a task successfully, he or she immediately starts planning the next step. People enjoy working on successful teams because they know that they will get to try out new things.

What Should Be Done To Create An Effective Team?

To create an effective team, you need to establish some ground rules. First, you must agree on the goal of the project. Then, you have to decide how much time you want to spend on the project. Next, you need to determine how many people will be involved in the project. Finally, you need to choose a process for managing the project.

Establishing Ground Rules

Before you start any project, you should establish some basic ground rules. These rules should apply to every aspect of the project. For example, you may decide that meetings will only take place when absolutely necessary. You may decide that there will be no more than two people in a room at once. Or you may decide that you will not use email during the day.

You should also establish ground rules for communication. For example, you might decide that you will not discuss the project outside of the team unless you have permission to do so. You could also decide that you will not share information until it becomes available to the entire team.

Determining How Much Time Will Be Spent On The Project

FAQ’S

What is Agile Manifesto principle?

The four core values of Agile software development as stated by the Agile Manifesto are: individuals and interactions over processes and tools; working software over comprehensive documentation; customer collaboration over contract negotiation; and. responding to change over following a plan.

Why is Agile Manifesto important?

Why is the Agile Manifesto important? The Agile Manifesto is a valuable resource for software development teams as it equips them with a flexible framework to guide their project management processes and uphold Agile best practices.

What does the Agile Manifesto contain?

The Agile Manifesto consists of four key values: Individuals and interactions over processes and tools.Working software over comprehensive documentation.Customer collaboration over contract negotiation.

What is most important according to the Agile Manifesto?

Our highest priority is to satisfy the customer through early and continuous delivery of valuable software. Customers should receive deliverables or iterations at regular intervals. Welcome changing requirements, even late in development.

How Agile Manifesto is use in project management?

The goal of the manifesto is to increase client involvement in the development cycles to ensure that the project meets expectations and that resources are not wasted building the wrong product. Since there is more than one agile process, each project and team is different

What do you mean by manifesto?

A manifesto is a published declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an individual, group, political party or government.

How do you write Agile Manifesto?

Here’s a great resource if you’re interested to learn more on the background on the Agile Manifesto, values and principles.

  1. Individuals and Interactions over Processes and Tools. …
  2. Working Software Over Comprehensive Documentation. …
  3. Customer Collaboration over Contract Negotiation. …
  4. Responding To Change Over Following A Plan.

What does the Agile Manifesto mean by value delivery?

The first principle of the Agile Manifesto is a commitment to value delivery: “Our highest priority is to satisfy the customer through early and continuous delivery of valuable software.” There is a lot to unpack here: Satisfying the needs of the customer is our highest priority.

How many Agile Manifesto are there?

The Agile Manifesto is comprised of four foundational values and 12 supporting principles which lead the Agile approach to software development. Each Agile methodology applies the four values in different ways, but all of them rely on them to guide the development and delivery of high-quality, working software

What are the 3 key elements of agile methodology?

If it’s decided that agile is the most appropriate development methodology to use, then the three key things that will enable the project to be a success are: collaboration, constant focus on business value, and appropriate level of quality.

User Story Examples and User Stories

Let us observe some user story examples here. It helps us to provide overview how to write user stories.

User Story Examples
User Story Examples

Feature: Refund item

Scenario: XYZ returns a faulty item


Given XYZ has bought a item for so and so amount
And he/ she has a receipt
When he/ She returns the item
Then XYZ should be refunded with so and so amount

Scenario: User enters correct user name and password


Given that I am on the sign-in page
When I enter my user name and password correctly
And click ‘Sign In’
Then I am taken to the dashboard

 Scenario: User does NOT enter correct user name and password


Given that I am on the sign-in page
When I enter my user name and password incorrectly
and click ‘Sign In’
Then I see an error message ‘Sorry, incorrect user name or password.”

User Story:

As a Branch User

I want to upload customer documents into DMS

So that I can view or retrieve documents when required.

Scenario:  User uploads a document

Given a document is uploaded,

When the upload request is received

Then allow the upload if the file name is one of the following: (file list here)

Allowed file names: Account opening form, PAN, Voter ID, Passport.

Scenario: Upload documents into DMS (Data Management System)

Given that the CRT Customer Profile is created,

When the documents are uploaded,

Then send all the uploaded documents to DMS (Data Management System)

Scenario: Ensure so and so documents have been uploaded.

Given a document is uploaded,

When the upload request is received

Then ensure to maintain what documents received and what documents uploaded.

Scenario: File size of each document is between x and y kb

Given a document is uploaded,

When the upload request is received

Then allow the upload if the document size is between x and y kb

Scenario:  Document format/type is so and so

Given a document is uploaded,

When the upload request is received

Then allow the upload if the document format / or type is so and so.

Allowed file formats: .pdf,  .tif  .jpg

UC2:  User should be notified with successful upload of documents.

User Story:

As a Branch User

I want to get notification when documents successfully uploaded.

So that I can ensure that documents successfully uploaded into DMS.

Scenario: Documents uploaded successfully

Given a document is uploaded successfully

When the uploaded request is received

Then user should get notification as “Document uploaded successfully”

It should be done via SMS or mail id.

I mentioned some of the user story examples above.

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What is Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM)?

What is Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM)?

What is Requirements Traceability Matrix
What is Requirements Traceability Matrix

Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM) is a document, we can prepare in simple excel format also, it maps and traces client requirement with test cases. It captures all requirements given by the client/ Captured in BRD or FRD/FSD. The main goal of Requirement Traceability Matrix is to verify that all requirements are checked via test cases so that no functionality is unchecked during Software testing.

Why Requirement traceability matrix or RTM is required?

A Requirement traceability matrix is used to record and track the relationship of the project requirements to the design, documentation, development, testing and release of the project/product. This is done by maintaining an excel sheet which lists the complete user and system requirements for the system (in form of use cases) which are in turn mapped to the respective documents like Functional Requirement, Design Document, Software Module, Test Case Number, etc.

An RTM is maintained throughout the lifecycle of the various releases in a project and it’s a vital document to track project scope, requirements and changes in any project.

The Requirement Traceability Matrix or RTM Contains below:

  • Requirement ID
  • Requirement Description
  • Functional Requirement
  • Status
  • Architectural/Design Document
  • Technical Specification
  • Software Module
  • Test Case Number
  • Tested In

Why Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM) is needed?

  • Requirements Traceability Matrix (RTM)is used to trace the requirements.
  • To test all the test cases.
  • To ensure all the requirements are covered and tested/verified.
  • By using Requirements Traceability Matrix (RTM), we can able to identify if any requirement is not covered.
  • It helps to cover the all the requirements and all are validated and tested as per the requirement.

What is the Advantage of Requirements Traceability Matrix (RTM):

  1. We can ensure all the test cases covered.
  2. It allows to identify the missing functionality easily
  3. It is easy to track the overall test execution status
  4. It allows updating the test cases if any change in requirements or any change request comes.
  5. We can ensure all the requirements covered and tested.
  6. It helps to improve the quality of the product.
  7. As we covered most of the test scenarios it helps to improve the client satisfaction.
  8. As we tested most of the test scenarios it helps to avoid the escalation from the client.

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Why Requirements Traceability Matrix  or RTM is Important?

The main responsibility of Testers or QA team to understand the Business Requirements/ Client requirements. And they need to test the application end to end. And team responsible to deliver the product without bugs or Defects. To achieve this goal, every QA or Tester should understand the requirement clearly and create positive and negative test cases.

Requirements provided by the client should be split into different scenarios. And Team needs to prepare or write the test cases as per the requirements, Team ensures to cover all the requirements and scenarios when writing test cases. Once team writes the test cases then team starts the testing for each Test Case. Each of this Test case must be executed individually.

How testing team or QA team will ensure to test all scenarios.

Here we may think that how testing team/ QA team to make sure that the requirement is tested considering all possible scenarios/cases? How to ensure that any requirement is not left out of the testing cycle?

A simple way is to trace the requirement with its corresponding test scenarios and test cases which team already written the test cases.

The traceability matrix is simply a worksheet that contains the requirements with its all possible test scenarios and cases and their current state, i.e. if they have been passed or failed. This would help the testing team to understand the level of testing activities done for the specific product.

I hope this article helped you to provide overview on what is Requirements Traceability Matrix  or RTM.

To know more about what is Requirements Traceability Matrix you can browse on Google to get more knowledge.

In a Business Analyst view this article is enough to understand what is Requirements Traceability Matrix or RTM.

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FAQ’s

What is requirement traceability matrix with example?

Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM) is a document that maps and traces user requirement with test cases. It captures all requirements proposed by the client and requirement traceability in a single document, delivered at the conclusion of the Software devlopement life cycle

What is the purpose of the requirements traceability matrix?

A requirements traceability matrix is a document that demonstrates the relationship between requirements and other artifacts. It’s used to prove that requirements have been fulfilled. And it typically documents requirements, tests, test results, and issues.

What are the 3 types of requirements traceability?

There are three types of RTM: forward traceability, backward traceability, and bidirectional traceability

What are the four types of requirements traceability?

The Four Types of Derived Requirements Traceability
Forward to Requirements. When customer needs evolve, requirements may have to be adjusted in response. …
Backward From Requirements. …
Forward From Requirements. …
Backward to Requirements. …

Who prepares RTM?

#1) Business Requirements

It is usually prepared by ‘Business Analysts’ or the project ‘Architect’ (depending upon organization or project structure)

What is RTM tool?

In a software development project, Requirements Traceability Matrix (RTM) is a document which is used to validate that all the requirements are linked to test cases. … A Requirements Traceability Matrix is usually in tabular format as it holds multiple relationships between requirements and test cases

How do you create a requirement traceability matrix?

How to Create a Traceability Matrix in Excel
Define Your Goal. …
Gather Your Artifacts. …
Create a Traceability Matrix Template in Excel. …
Copy and Paste Requirements From Your Requirements Document. …
Copy and Paste Test Cases From Your Test Case Document. …
Copy and Paste Test Results and Issues (If You Have Them)

Is RTM required in agile?

In agile there are no requirements but stories, so traceability matrix does not exist in traditional sense. Well, stories describe requirements but when you complete story, you close it and then you close an iteration and forget about that story. It is done, accepted, and closed.

Which phase is RTM prepared?

To answer your first point, RTM is something that is prepared as and when the requirements are ready. If you plan to adopt a practice of creating RTM in your project, you can mention this point in your Test Plan irrespective of the fact that it is created or not. Test Plan and RTM are not related.

What are Scrum Meetings?

What are Scrum Meetings

What are Scrum Meetings
What are Scrum Meetings

We discussed and observed what is Scrum and Scrum Roles, now we look into some other important terms and terminology. That is what is Sprint and what are Scrum Meetings  and what team discuss in Scrum Meetings.

What is Sprint Zero?

What is Sprint Planning?

We can say Sprint is nothing but Time Frame. Team discusses and decides what the prioritized items are and how much effort required achieving that. For example 3 user stories/ Requirements prioritized items are in product backlog, so team discuss about these three user stories, how much effort required and  how many man days required to complete these prioritized user stories in this sprint.

For example Sprint duration is 2 weeks, and then team needs to complete those 3 user stories within this time frame, which includes, Design > Development > Test > Integrate.

Scrum Meetings:

Daily Scrum Meeting: This happens every day where team will just discuss on 3 questions. Everyone should participate in this meeting, and meeting should be completed in 15 to 30 minutes.

  1. What did you do yesterday?

Here you need to explain what you have done yesterday and what the status of tasks assigned to you is.

  1. What will you do today?

Here you need to explain what you will do today to complete the assigned task as per schedule.

  1. Is there any impediments stopping you?

Here you need to explain if you are facing any issues to complete the assigned task. For example your task is depending on another task or functionality and it is pending with some other team. Then you need to explain the same in meeting, then Scrum Master will take a call and discuss with the concerned team to resolve the issue.  Scrum Master Note down these points and discuss offline with concerned teams.

These questions are depending on your scheduled Daily Scrum Meeting. For example if your meeting is at Morning then above questions will applicable.

If your meeting is scheduled at evening then questions as below.

  1. What did you do today?
  2. What will you do tomorrow?
  3. Is there any impediments stopping you?

Every team member of the team should participate in this meeting and need to update the status. As every individual team member should participate in this meeting, Scrum Master will discuss with individuals and schedule meeting as per convenient time.

For example you are working on Indian standard time as you are in India, but if your development team in some other country, then Scrum Master should coordinate and schedule meeting as per convenient time, and Scrum Master is the responsible person to ensure every team member joins in meeting.

Sprint Review Meeting or Scrum Review Meeting: This will happen at the end of the sprint where team will give demo on completed stories to product owner. As per above example Sprint completed in two weeks, then team will have this meeting and give demo on developed product. Usually it will take 3 to 4 hours.

Sprint retrospective Meeting: This will happen at the end of the sprint where team will answer these 3 questions.

What went well in the sprint?

What did not go well?

What are the required areas of improvements in next sprint?

This is continuous process, team discuss at the end of every sprint to improve the quality.

You may get this question in interviews also what are scrum meetings and what team will do in these meetings.

I hope it helped to provide overview of What are Scrum Meetings.

To know more about what are scrum meetings and what is scrum we can visit scrum official website.

What is Scrum in agile methodology?

What is Scrum?

What is Scrum

Scrum:  Scrum is not a methodology, Scrum is a framework. That means it provides opportunity to work as per the project needs or requirements with cross functional team to reach the project goals. It helps us to interact with the people easily.

Scrum is very popular now days and we can say without putting Agile  in your resume you will not get even interview calls also.  Don’t worry and do not think too much to understand what is scrum. Let us discuss in simple words.

Mostly it will use in implementation of projects.

When we are discussing about Scrum, we should understand and remember the ScrumTerminology and terms used. I am trying to explain in simple way.

Product Backlog:

Need to prepare the product backlog, it contains the list of user stories, user story is nothing but requirements.

Once we prepare the Product backlog, will prioritize the user stories which can be implemented in this Sprint.

ScrumRoles:
  1. Product Owner(PO)

    : He will decide what needs to done in this sprint/project and he is the responsible for managing the product backlog. He will be the responsible person for product like how product should be and all.

  2. He interacts with Business Analysts and Customers. This role may be played by BA or any person who is having strong knowledge on product and who works with end users for a long time. Depends on the project client also may play this role.
  1. ScrumMaster (SM)

    He will monitor the performance of the team within the sprint. Team will raise all their concerns and issues to ScrumMaster.

  • He is responsible to provide solutions to the team. He will interact with the stake holders to address the issues and concerns raised by the team. This role can be played by any person in team usually Business Analyst will play this role.
  • Development Team (Cross functional team who are self organized)

Scrum Team: Resources who are working in this project are formed as Scrum team which comprises of Business Analyst, Developers and Testers.

If you are looking for Certification, you can refer scrum.org

What are the Advantages of Waterfall Model?

What are the Advantages of Waterfall Model:

What are the advantages of Waterfall Model?
What are the advantages of Waterfall Model?

What are the Advantages of Waterfall Model?

  • Simple and easy to use
  • Easy to manage – each phase has specific deliverable’ s and a review process
  • Phases are processed and completed within scheduled time
  • Works well if requirements are very clear
  • It is one the easiest model to manage. Because of its nature, each phase has specific deliverable’s and a review process. In each phase we will get to know what to deliver and when to deliver.
  • Faster delivery of the project
  • Process and results are well documented and documentation plays important role in Waterfall methodology.
  • Easily adaptable method for shifting teams.
  • This project management methodology is useful to manage dependencies.
  • It works well for smaller size projects where requirements are easily understandable.

Disadvantages:

  • Handling change request is difficult.
  • Feedback from the client is not there.
  • There may be chance to no coordination between the teams.
  • Team work and coordination is not there
  • Continuous improvement process
  • This model is not suggestible for Large projects
  • If the requirement is not clear at the beginning, we can’t use waterfall methodology because every phase is dependent on previous phase.
  • Here next phase will start once previous phase completed.
  • Very difficult to move back to makes changes in the previous phases.
  • The testing process starts once development is over. Hence, it has high chances of bugs to be found later in development where they are expensive to fix.
  • There is no team work in this model.
  • Difficult to manage change requests in this model.

I hope now you got some idea about what are the advantages of waterfall Model? 

FAQ’S

What is waterfall model?

Definition: The waterfall model is a classical model used in system development life cycle to create a system with a linear and sequential approach. It is termed as waterfall because the model develops systematically from one phase to another in a downward fashion.

What are the 5 stages of waterfall model?

Phases of waterfall project management differ from one project to another. But generally, you can group the activities of the waterfall approach into five stages: planning, design, implementation, verification, and maintenance.

What is waterfall model in SDLC?

The Waterfall model is the earliest SDLC approach that was used for software development. The waterfall Model illustrates the software development process in a linear sequential flow. This means that any phase in the development process begins only if the previous phase is complete.

Why is waterfall model used?

As an internal process, the Waterfall methodology focuses very little on the end user or client involved with a project. Its main purpose has always been to help internal teams move more efficiently through the phases of a project, which can work well for the software world

Where is waterfall model used?

The waterfall model is most commonly used in software engineering and product development, less often – in other projects and industries. Employ the waterfall model only if your project meets the following criteria: All the requirements are known, clear, and fixed. There are no ambiguous requirements.

What are the 7 phases of waterfall model?

The waterfall model is a sequential design process in which progress is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall) through the phases of Conception, Initiation, Analysis, Design, Construction, Testing, Production/Implementation, and Maintenance.

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